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.V 










KANSAS 



TARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES 

SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME 



KANSAS 



BY 



GEORGE W. WINANS 

SUPERINTENDENT OF CITY SCHOOLS, HUTCHINSON, KANSAS 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 
1902 



eCNGRESS, 

Two CoPiBB RecEivfc-j 

iAR. 19 "^902 

COPVWaHT ENTRY 

COPY a 



COPTKIGHT, 1902, 

bt the macmillan company. 



Set up and electrotyped March, 1902. 



/v^'*': 
'^\^ 




Norfaooli i^tcBS 

J. S. dishing & Co. — Berwick & Smith 
Norwood Mass. U.S.A. 



PREFACE 

As far as it has been found possible, the geography of Kansas 
as presented in this small volume has received causal treatment, a 
distinguishing feature of the series of which it is a supplementary 
volume. Emphasis has been placed on the industries of the state 
and on the industries of different parts of the state. 

These industries — agriculture, manufacturing, and commerce — 
depend very largely on the physiographic conditions that influence 
climate, which mainly determines the productions and the occupa- 
tions of the people. 

Some information concerning the history and the government of 
the state has been given ; and the educational system of the state 
has been briefly outlined. 

In short, the book attempts to present such a view of the state 
of Kansas — its resources, its industries, and the life of its people — 
as ought to be known and may readily be learned by pupils belong- 
ing to the grammar grades of our public schools. It is hoped that 
the book will be found to have a value of its own apart from its use 
as a volume supplementary to a complete series. 

Grateful acknowledgment for assistance in obtaining valuable 
material is due to Mr. F. W. Coburn, Secretary of the State Board 
of Agriculture, Mr. George W. Martin, Secretary of the State His- 
torical Society, Mr. W. H. Smith, Secretary of the State Board of 
Railroad Commissioners, Mr. George A. Clark, Secretary of State, 
and Mr. Frank Nelson, State Superintendent of Public Instruction ; 
also to Mr. T. A. McNeal of Topeka, the Santa Fe Railroad Com- 
pany, Mrs. Emma Harvey of Council Grove, and others who kindly 
furnished photographs from which the illustrations have been made. 
Valuable suggestions have been made by Mr. Richard R. Price, 
Principal of the Hutchinson High School. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Preface v 

To THE Teacher . . . ix 

Physiography . 1 

Position and Size of the State ~ . . 1 

Boundaries 1 

Elevation .2 

Surface . . . 3 

Drainage ............... 4 

Climate 4 

Soil 5 

Review Questions 7 

History of the State ........... 7 

Territorial History ,. . 7 

Admission as a State 9 

Kansas in the Civil War 9 

Indian Troubles 9 

Growth in Population 9 

Review Questions ............. 9 

State Government ............ 9 

State Boards 10 

Review Questions - . .11 

Educational System 11 

City High Schools . ' .14 

County High Schools 14 

Higher State Schools . . • 15 

Private Schools 16 

Philanthropic and Charitable Institutions .16 

Review Questions 17 

vii 



viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Agricultukal Industries . 17 

Wheat Rausing 19 

Other Grains 22 

Live-stock Industry 22 

Fruit Raising ............. 24 

Review Questions 25 

Manufactureu Articles ........... 25 

Their Extent 25 

Leading and Typical Examples ......... 26 

Reviev^f Questions ............ 28 

Mineral Products 29 

Review Questions ............ 31 

Railroads .............. 31 

Review Questions ............ 32 

Cities of Kansas ............. 33 

Review Questions ............ 39 

Appendix 41 

Tables of Statistics 41 

Topical Review 47 



TO THE TEACHER 

In a certain sense, nothing is geography to a pupil except what 
he can see, or imagine that he sees ; hence, the true method in 
teaching geography would seem to be to begin with what the pupil 
can actually see ; then, by the aid of comparison and imagination, 
he may be brought to comprehend and study intelligently what he 
has not seen. This book — and the entire series — is largely based 
on this idea. Therefore, in the beginning of the study pupils should 
be trained to an intelligent knowledge of home geography, from 
which knowledge their subsequent study should proceed. 

In teaching the geography of Kansas the teacher should keep in 
mind the three important objects of the study of geography : — 

1. An intelligent and reliable understanding of the earth as the 
home of man. 

2. The cultivation of such faculties as memory, imagination, 
judgment, reason. 

3. The cultivation of the expression of thought. 




Capitals;® Couuty Seals : i?) Other PI: 
Railroads : 



Cities with 25,000 or over: TOpCka 

Cities with 10,000 to i5,000:- - Ft. Scott 

Cities and Villages with 5,000 to 10,000: Sniiiia 

Cities and Villages with 1,000 to 5,000; Uiiiii 

Villages under 1,000: - Moline 



KANSAS STATE SUPPLEMENT 

Introductory Questions. — On a map of the United States locate Kansas 
accurately. Bound Kansas by states. Between what two parallels of latitude 
does it lie? What other states are wholly or partly in the same latitude ? Where 
does the 100th meridian of west longitude cross Kansas? What other states are 
crossed by the 100th meridian? What is the length of the state? Its width? 
Name the twelve states that are larger than Kansas. Where in Kansas is the cen- 
tre of the United States (excluding Alaska)? Why do the rivers of Kansas run 
toward the east? From your own experience describe the climate of Kansas. In 
what part of the state is stock raising an important industry ? Why ? Draw an 
outline map of Kansas, showing the largest rivers. Make dots showing the loca- . 
tion of the ten largest cities. Draw the boundaries of your own county, giving 
names of counties touching it. Name your county seat. What is the population 
of your county? Of the county seat? Locate the capital of Kansas. What 
direction is it from your county seat? How far is the capital, by railroad, from 
your county seat ? What railroads are in your county ? 

Physiogeaphy 

Position and Size. — Exclusive of Alaska, Kansas is the central 
state of the Union. Fold a map of the United States from north to 
south, and again from east to west, and the folds will intersect near 
Junction City, in northeastern Kansas. The state is a part of the 
great plain which slopes uniformly eastward from the Rocky Moun- 
tains to the Mississippi River. 

The state is a parallelogram, except that the northeastern corner 
of the parallelogram is cut off by the Missouri River. Its length 
from east to west is 410 miles; its width from north to south is 210 
miles. The state contains 82,114 square miles. It is the thirteenth 
state in size. 

Boundaries. — Kansas is separated from Nebraska on the north by 
the 40th parallel ; from Missouri on the east by the meridian which 

B 1 



2 KANSAS 

passes through the mouth of the Kansas River, which is about 
94|° west longitude, and by the Missouri River from the point 
where this meridian strikes the river to the 40th parallel; from 
Oklahoma on the south by the 37th parallel; and from Colorado 
on the west by the meridian of 102° west longitude ; thus extend- 
ing over three degrees of latitude and seven and one-half degrees 
of longitude. The centre of the state is in Ellsworth County. 




Fig. 1. 
A Kansas highway. 

Elevation. — The average elevation of the state above sea level is 
about 2000 feet. The average elevation of the eastern boundary 
line is about 850 feet; 750 feet, at the mouth of the Kansas River, 
being the lowest point along the eastern boundary, and Bonita in 
Johnson County, with an elevation of 1075 feet, being the highest 
point. The lowest point in the state, about 725 feet, is on the 
southern boundary line, in Montgomery County, where the Ver- 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 3 

digris River leaves the state. The western boundary line is between 
3500 feet and 3850 feet above sea level. The northwest corner of 
the state is the highest. It will be seen that the state slopes from 
west to east at not far from eight feet to the mile ; but this is not a 
uniform rate, as the slope is considerably greater in the western part 
of the state than in the eastern. The northern boundary line of the 
state shows a more uniform slope than does the southern. 




Fig. 2. 
A Kansas lake : Silver Lake, in Shawnee County. 

Surface. — As has been said, Kansas is simply part of the great 
plain lying between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River ; 
but, examined in detail, the state presents many irregularities of 
surface, some portions being rugged. Valleys 200 feet deep may 
be found, and remnants of falls are to be seen all over the eastern 
part of the state, and here and there in the western part. Per- 
haps the words, " a gently undulating plain," will best describe the 



4 KANSAS 

character of the surface ; but this surface is varied enough to furnish 
many a beautiful bit of scenery (Figs. 1-3). 

Drainage. ■ — Because the general slope of the state is from west to 
east, the rivers must flow in the same general direction ; but irregu- 
larities of surface turn some of the streams toward the southeast, or 
even toward the south ; while in the northeastern part of the state 
the small streams directly tributary to the Missouri River flow in a 
northeasterly direction. Almost every part of the state is well 
watered by the numerous rivers and their tributaries (Fig. 4). The 
principal rivers which drain the state are the Kansas River with its 
two main branches, the Republican River and the Smoky Hill, and 









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Fig. 3. 
A highway bridge in eastern Kansas. 



its most important tributaries, the Saline, Solomon, and Blue rivers ; 
and the Arkansas River with its tributaries, most of which enter that 
stream after it has left the state. All the drainage of the state 
finally reaches the Mississippi River through the Missouri and the 
Arkansas rivers. The valleys of the rivers named, as well as those 
of the Cottonwood and the Neosho rivers, are in most parts broad, 
and all are exceedingly fertile. 

Climate. — Because Kansas is the central state, it has a continen- 
tal climate, and is subject to extremes of temperature, the thermom- 
eter reaching 100° F. ; but the heat is seldom oppressive, because 
of the dryness of the atmosphere and because of the prevailing south- 
erly breezes. The nights are uniformly cool. The winters are 
usually mild and short, with a remarkable number of clear, sunshiny 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 



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Fig. 4. 
A Kansas stream in spring. 

days. The snowfall is liglit, and usually remains but a few days. 
The mean annual temperature for the entire state is 54°. 

The rainfall for the eastern third of the state is about 35 inches 
annually; for the middle third, about 25 inches ; and for the western 
third, from 10 to 15 inches. 
The annual rainfall for the 
whole state is about 27 inches, 
most of it falling in the spring 
and summer months (Fig. 5). 
Careful observations extending 
through a number of years show 
that the annual rainfall is in- 
creasing from year to year, as 
the state becomes more thickly 
settled. 

Soil. — There is much diver- 
sity in the soil of Kansas. It 
is a deep loam in the eastern 
part of the state, and of a sandy formation in some places, especially 
in the southwestern part of the state ; yet all of it is of surprising 
fertility. 




Fig. 5. 
A spring flood (water covering bridge) . 



6 



KANSAS 




Typical river-bank tree growth. 



Timber. — In the eastern part of the state there is a considerable 

amount of timber along the val- 
lej's of creeks and rivers (Fig. 6). 
Some timber is found in the cen- 
tral part. Little timber is found 
in the western section of Kansas. 
In nearly all parts of the state 
the streets of villages and cities 
are bordered by such cultivated 
trees as the elm, maple, mulberry, 
and many other varieties. 

Result as to Industries. — 
These climatic conditions deter- 
mine in very large measure the 
industries of the state, and the occupations of the people in different 
parts of it. In the eastern part of the state all kinds of crops 
suited to the latitade are raised 
in great abundance ; hence the 
tilling of the soil is the chief agri- 
cultural occupation. In the mid- 
dle section of the state great 
crops of corn, wheat, oats, etc., 
are grown, and the fattening of 
stock is conducted on a large 
scale. In the western section 
much wheat is raised, along with 
such forage plants as thrive on 
little moisture (Fig. 7) ; but graz- 
ing is the main occupation. The 
abundance of the nutritious buf- 
falo grass and the mild, open 
winters are very favorable to the 
stock-raising industry, and great 

herds of cattle may be found scat- ^^^ ^ 

tered all over the western part of ^jf^^^f^^ g,„^.,^ ^i^i^^^t irrigation, third cut- 

the state. ting (July), Dodge City, Ford County. 




HISTORY 7 

Review Questions. — What is the general direction of the land slope of 
Kansas? Between what parallels of latitude does the state lie? Between what 
meridians of longitude? What is the area of the state in square miles? Give 
figures showing (a) lowest elevation of eastern boundary line ; (Ji) highest eleva- 
tion of eastern boundary line ; (c) lowest elevation in the state ; {d) average eleva- 
tion of the state. By what two rivers is all the drainage of the state carried to the 
Mississippi River ? Name the chief tributaries of each of these two rivers. Discuss 
the climate of Kansas, speaking of (o) temperature ; (6) prevailing winds ; (c) mois- 
ture. Show why the rainfall decreases from the eastern toward the western part 
of the state. Show how climatic conditions largely determine the occupations 
carried on in different sections. Show that your reasoning may be verified by 
looking into the leading industries of your own county. 



History 

Different opinions are held concerning the origin of the word 
"Kansas." One authority says tlie state derives its name from 
the Kansas River — from the Indian word " ^aw^a," meaning SM^yif. 
Another says the state was 
named from the Kansas tribe 
of Indians, Kaw^ or Kansaw, 
meaning "soutli wind people." 

All of the state except that 
part which lies west of the 100th 
meridian and south of the Ar- 
kansas River was included in 
the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. 
The excepted part mentioned 
was ceded to the United States 
by Texas. The first settlers 
of the state were immigrants 
from the older states (Fig. 8), 
the purpose of a majority of them being to aid in making Kansas a 
free state, or a slave state, according to their respective views. 

The eastern boundary of the state was fixed by the western 
boundary named for Missouri — the meridian passing through the 
mouth of the Kansas River — when Missouri was admitted as a state 
in 1820 ; save that the triangle enclosed by the meridian just named, 




Fig. 8. 

A Kansas home in pioneer days. (Sod house 
in Stafford County.) 



8 KANSAS 

the 40tli parallel of north latitude, and the Missouri River, known as 
the " Piatt Purchase " (now comprising the three Missouri counties of 
Piatt, Buchanan, and Andrew), was added to Missouri by act of Con- 
gress in 1836. This addition made the Missouri River, north of the 
mouth of the Kansas River, a part of the western boundary of Mis- 
souri, and so determined that part of the eastern boundary of Kansas. 

The early history of the state was greatly influenced by the pas- 
sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854 (see any United States 
History). In that same year — 1854 — the cities of Leavenworth, 
Lawrence, Atchison, and Topeka were founded, and the first news- 
paper was printed at Leavenworth. A struggle between free-state 
and slave-state factions at once began, and was waged with great 
bitterness. It is estimated that, in the years 1855 and 1856, two 
hundred persons were killed, and property to the amount of two 
million dollars was destroyed. Several conventions were held for 
the purpose of framing a constitution — each being dominated now 
by one faction, and again by the other. A very brief account of 
these several conventions should be of interest : — 

The first constitution was completed at Topeka in 1855, and a 
session of the legislature was held at that place in March, 1856. 
This legislature was dispersed in July, 1856, by a detachment of 
United States troops under Colonel Sumner. It reassembled in 
January, 1857, and several of its officers and members were arrested 
by deputy United States marshals. It met again in January, 1858, 
and adjourned to Lawrence, but at Lawrence (in March, 1858) there 
was not a quorum, and the legislature adjourned an,d did not meet 
afterward. 

In 1857 a constitutional convention was held at Lecompton, and 
voted for " The Constitution with Slavery." The free-state men 
had refused to send delegates to this convention. 

In 1858 was adopted what is known as " The Leavenworth Con- 
stitution." This constitution did not contain the word "white." 

In July, 1859, another convention was held at Wyandotte (now 
part of Kansas City, Kansas), and it adopted a constitution forbid- 
ding slavery. This constitution was ratified by the people of the ter- 
ritory in October, 1859, by a vote of about two to one in its favor. 



GOVERNMENT 9 

In April, 1860, the national House of Representatives passed a 
bill to admit Kansas as a state under the provisions of the Wyandotte 
Constitution, but the Senate refused to concur. In January, 1861, 
— after some Southern senators had withdrawn because their states 
had seceded, — the bill was again called up in the Senate and passed, 
was returned to the House and passed by that body, and was signed 
by President Buchanan January 29, 1861, and Kansas became a 
state. The legislature met at Topeka in March, 1861. By an elec- 
tion held in November, 1861, Topeka was made the capital. 

From 1861 to 1865 there were many military operations along the 
eastern border of the state. In the Quantrell raid upon Lawrence 
in August, 1863, it is estimated that one hundred and fifty persons 
were killed, and property to the amount of one and one-half million 
dollars was burned. 

From 1865 to 1878 occurred certain Indian raids. In 1865 set- 
tlers in Republic and Cloud counties and in the Solomon River 
Valley were massacred. There were other raids in 1867, 1868, 1870, 
and 1874. The final raid was in Decatur County in 1878.1 

A table found in the Appendix will show how the state has 
grown in population. 

Review Questions. — Give the origin and meaning of the word " Kansas." 
What part of the state was included in the " Louisiana Purchase " ? What deter- 
mined the eastern boundary of the state? Find out what you can about the 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854. What four Kansas cities were founded the .same 
year (1854) ? When and where was the first newspaper in Kansas printed? What 
can you tell about each of the constitutional conventions held while Kansas was yet 
a territory? When was Kansas admitted as a state? When was Topeka made the 
capital ? What can you tell about the Quantrell raid ? Find out something about 
John Brown in Kansas. Speak of the growth of the state in population (see table 
in Appendix). 

Government 

In a general way, the government of Kansas is the same as that 
of the other states. The constitution of the state of Ohio was 
the model followed by the members of the Wyandotte convention 

1 For a more complete account of these Indian raids, the pupil should see some 
history of Kansas — such a book as " Prentis's History of Kansas." 



10 



KANSAS 



when framing the constitution under which Kansas was admitted as 
a state. 

The state legislature (Fig. 9) consists of forty senators and one 
hundred and twenty-five representatives. The constitution of the 
state forbids any greater number of senators and representatives. 
Senators are elected for a term of four years ; representatives, for a 
term of two years. The legislature meets biennially — in January 




Fk;. 9. 
State Capitol at Topeka. 

of odd-numbered years — and members of either house receive pay 
for a session not exceeding fifty days. Extra sessions may be called 
by the governor. When an extra session is called, members may 
receive pay for not more than thirty days. 

The executive department of the government consists of the usual 
state officers, as : governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, 
auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, attorney 
general ; and of such additional bodies as the State Insurance Depart- 
ment, Board of Railroad Commissioners, State Agricultural Society, 



EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 11 

State Historical Society, State Horticultural Society, Bureau of 
Labor, and some others. 

The Executive Council includes the governor, secretary of state, 
treasurer, auditor, state superintendent of public instruction, and 
attorney general. The State School Fund Commissioners are the 
state superintendent of public instruction, secretary of state, and 
attorney general. 

..The State Supreme Court consists of six judges. The state is 
divided into a convenient number of judicial districts, now twenty- 
five in number. A few of the more populous counties have been 
given extra courts by the legislature. 

Women are allowed to vote at school district and municipal elec- 
tions — a right that is very generally exercised. 

The constitutional prohibition of the manufacture and sale of 
intoxicants is a special feature of the state government. 

The state has its two senators and eight representatives in 
Congress. Up to the present time the state has been divided into 
but seven, congressional districts ; one of the eight representatives 
being a representative-at-large, chosen by the people of the entire 
state. 

Review Questions. — How often, and when, does the Kansas state legisla- 
ture meet ? What is the total membership of the legislature ? Of each branch 
of the legislature ? Who is your state senator ? Your state representative ? What 
constitutes your state senatorial district ? Your representative district ? Who are 
the chief executive officials of the state ? Give the names of the present state offi- 
cers : governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, state 
superintendent, attorney general. How many judges of the State Supreme Court? 
How many judicial districts in the state? What counties in your judicial dis- 
tricts ? To what extent may women vote in Kansas ? How large a representation 
in Congress has Kansas? Name the present senators and representatives in 
Congress. In what congressional district do you live? Who is your representa- 
tive in Congress? Why is Kansas called " A Prohibition State "? 

Educational Systp:m 

The present educational system of the state was established when 
the state was admitted in 1861, but has been modified and improved 
from time to time. The system provides for all grades of schools, 



12 



KANSAS 




J 



from the district school to the State University. The act of ad- 
mission set apart two sections of land in every township ^- one- 
eighteenth of all the land in the 
state — for the support of the 
common schools. The proceeds 
arising from the sale of this land 
constitutes a permanent school 
fund which, according to the 
constitution of the state, " shall 
not be diminished." This fund 
now amounts to nearly eight 
million dollars, nearly all of it 
invested in interest-bearing se- 
curities held by the state treas- 
urer. The money derived from 
interest on these securities is 
distributed twice a year by the 
state superintendent to the sev- 
eral counties in proportion to 
the school population of the county, and the share of each school 
district is apportioned by the 
county superintendent. 

School affairs are managed 
by district boards, three mem- 
bers in each district, elected by 
the voters at the annual school 
meeting ; in cities, by boards of 
education elected by the people. 
General supervision of the entire 
system is exercised by a state 
superintendent of public in- 
struction, and a State Board of 
Education. A thorough organi- 
zation of the schools was effected in 1863. A table in the Appendix 
will show the present condition of the common schools, and will 
furnish an idea of the growth made in forty years. 



Fig. 10. 
High school at Kausas City, Kansas. 




Fig. 11. 

Pioneer county high school, at Chapman, 
Dickinson County. 



EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 



13 




Fig. 12. 
Kansas State University, at Lawrence. 



A. Snow Hall of Natnral History. 

B. Spooner Library Building. 

C. Chemistry and Pliarmacy Building. 

D. Fowler Machine Shops. 



E. Blake Hall: Physics and Electrical Engi- 

neering Building. 

F. Fraser Hall : Main University Building. 



A law of the state provides for a county normal institute of at 
least four weeks, to be held annually in each county. The State 



14 



KANSAS 



Board of Education authorizes certain persons to serve as conductors 
and instructors of these county institutes, and provides a uniform 
course of study to be followed. These county normal institutes are 
very generally attended by the teachers of the state, and result in 
great good to the schools. The county institute law went into effect 
in 1877. 




Fig. 13. 
State Agricultural College, Manhattan. Some of the important buildings. 

Every city of any importance has a good- high school crowning its 
system (Fig. 10). From 120 of these high schools, having courses 
of study approved by the university authorities, pupils are admitted 
without examination to the freshman class of the State University. 

A law of the state also allows the establishment of county high 
schools, and ten counties have already availed themselves of this 
provision. The ten county high schools so far established have 



EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 



15 



property valued in the aggregate at 1200,000. The first one was 
established at Chapman, in Dickinson County (Fig. 11). 




Fig. 14, 
State School for the Deaf, Olathe. 



Fig. 15. 
State School for the Blind, Kansas City, Kansas. 



The State University at Lawrence (Fig. 12) opened in 1866 with 
three teachers and forty students. The annual enrolment now is 
over 1200, with a faculty of eighty members, and with property 
valued at almost 81,000,000. 

The State Agricultural College at Manhattan (Fig. 13) was estab- 
lished in 1863, with fifty-two students. Its annual enrolment is 
now nearly 1500, with a large 
faculty, and the value of its 
property is about $600,000. 

The State Normal School at 
Emporia (Fig. 44) was organ- 
ized in 1864, with eighteen stu- 
dents present. It now enrolls 
annually about 2000 students, 
and has a faculty of forty-four 
members, with property valued 
at almost $500,000. 

The Act of Admission set 
apart certain lands for the bene- 
fit of the higher state institu- 
tions of learning, and the state 
legislature makes liberal appropriations for all of the state schools 




Fig. 16. 

Friends' University at Wichita : a typical 
denominational college. 



16 



KANSAS 




Fig. 17. 
A model public library building 



The state has also made generous and ample provision for its 
unfortunate youth. It has established and maintains a school for 

the deaf at Olathe (Fig. 14), a 
school for the blind at Kansas 
City (Fig. 15), and a school for 
the feeble-minded at Winfield. 
In addition to the state insti- 
tutions of learning there are in 
Kansas twenty-four denomina- 
tional colleges of high rank, in 
which are over 400 teachers and 
6500 students, with property 
valued in the aggregate at 
12,500,000 (Fig. 16). There 
are also three independent nor- 
mal schools, fourteen academies, and fifteen business colleges. 

The total property valuation of all schools in the state, public 
and private, is estimated at -$20,000,000. 

Many cities of Kansas have free public libraries, many of these 
libraries being comfortably established in convenient and com- 
modious buildings of their own 
(Fig. 17). 

Philanthropic and Chari- 
table Institutions 

The state maintains a reform 
school for boys under sixteen 
years of age at Topeka (Fig. 1 8) ; 
a state school for wayward girls 
at Beloit ; a state reformatory 
for criminals between the ages 
of sixteen and twentj^-five years 
at Hutchinson ; a soldiers' or- 
phans' home at Atchison ; a soldiers' home at Dodge City ; and 
asylums for the insane at Topeka and Osawatomie (a third asylum 
for the insane is about to be built at Parsons). 




Fig. 18. 
State Reform School, main building, Topeka. 



AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES 



17 



Review Questions. — What grades of schools are provided for in the edu- 
cational system of the state? How much land was set apart for school purposes 
by the act admitting Kansas as a state? What amount of money has been 
invested in securities belonging to the permanent school fund? How is the 
interest on these investments distributed? Speak of the city high schools of 
Kansas; of county high schools. Locate the county high schools of Kansas. Give 
the main facts concerning the State University; the State Agricultural College ; 
the State Normal School. 

Where are the state schools for (o) the deaf; (h) the blind; (c) the feeble- 
minded ? 

Speak of the denominational colleges and other private schools of tlie state. 

Locate ten important denominational colleges. To what denomination does 
each of the ten belong? Name and locate the philanthropic and charitable state 
institutions. ^ 

Agricultural Industries 

Kansas is preeminently an agricultural state. The several forms 
of agriculture comprise the chief business of the people ; and from 




Fig. 19. 
A Kansas farmyard. 



its agricultural products comes most of the wealth of the state 
(Fig. 19). The raising of grain is the principal form of agricul- 
ture in the eastern third of the state. The great wheat belt lies 
within the middle third of the state (Fig. 22). The western part 



18 



KANSAS 




Vh.. l^U. 
Stacking hay by machinery. 

of the state, especially the western fourth, is devoted chiefly to 

stock-raising. 

Of the 52,500,000 acres in the state, about one-third, 16,500,000 

acres, are under cultivation ; 
7,500,000 acres in prairie 
grass fenced (Fig. 20); the 
remainder is undeveloped, and 
is used mainly for grazing 
purposes. 

Of the cultivated crops of 
Kansas, Indian corn easily ranks 
first in importance (Fig. 21). 
The corn crop is grown mainly 
in the eastern half of the state. 
The western third of the state 
is not regarded as reliable corn- 
growing territory. Corn is a 
source of greater wealth and 
profit in Kansas than any other 
cultivated grain. There have 
been years when its value has 
YiG. 21. equalled the combined values 

Tall Indian com. of all other farm crops (Fig. 23). 



s 






i 


i 


1 


1 


^ 


■3 



AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES 



19 



The following table, compiled from the official records of the 
Kansas State Board of Agriculture, gives the annual product and 




Fig. 22. 

The Kansas wheat-belt. The counties enclosed by the heavily shaded line produced almost 
three-fourths of the crop of 1901. 

value of the corn crop for the ten years beginning with 1892, 
together with their totals : — 



Year 


Bushels 


Value 


1892 


138,658,621 


$42,889,849 


1893 














118,624,369 


32,621,762 


1894 














66,952,833 


25,354,190 


1895 














201,457,396 


46,189,772 


1896 














221,419,414 


35,633,013 


1897 














152,140,993 


28,555,293 


1898 














126,999,132 


30,298,098 


1899 














225,183,432 


53,530,576 


1900 














134,523,677 


39,581,835 


1901 














42,605,672 


21,731,215 


Toti 


il 


1,428,565,539 


$356,385,603 



Wheat-raising also receives much attention in Kansas (Figs. 24, 
25, 26). Little spring wheat is raised, most of the wheat 



Fig. 23. 
A Kansas cornfield in autumn. 



area being devoted to the cultivation of hard winter wheat from 
seed originating in southern Russia. The following table is an 
exhibit of the wheat-raising industry for ten years, beginning with 

1892: — 



Year 


Biisliels 


Value 


1892 


74,538,906 


$40,691,762 


1893 














24,827,523 


11,032,932 


1894 














28,205,700 


11,297,797 


1895 














16,001,060 


7,463,118 


1896 














27,754,888 


13,257,193 


1897 














51,026,604 


34,385,304 


1898 














. 60,790,661 


32,937,042 


1899 














43,687,013 


22,406,409 


1900 














77,339,091 


41,974,145 


1901 














90,333,095 


50,610,505 


Tot; 


il 


494,405,541 


.1 266,056,208 



These figures serve to show not only the extent to which the 
cultivation of corn and wheat is carried on in the state, but also 
the relative amount and value of the two main cultivated grains. 
The state also raises in srreat abundance all the other common 



AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES 



21 




Fig. 24. 
Threshing wheat near Council Grove. 




Fig. 25. 
Harvesting wheat with header near Larned. 




Fig. 26. 
Harvesting wheat with self-binder (Council Grove). 



22 



KANSAS 



grains, and great quantities of Kaffir corn (Fig. 27), broom corn, 
and alfalfa. Some attention is given to the cultivation of tobacco 
and castor beans, and some cotton is raised in the southern part of 
the state. Exclusive of wheat, a large part of the grain raised is 
fed within the state to cattle and hogs (Figs. 28, 29). 




Fig. 27. 
Harvesting KafSr corn. 



The magnitude and importance of the live-stock industry in 
Kansas is shown by the official data compiled by the State Board 
of Agriculture for the year 1901, which is as follows: — 

NUMBER AND VALUE OF LIVE STOCK 





Number 


Value 


Horses . 
Mules and asses 
Milch cows . 
Other cattle . 
Sheep . 
Swine . 










825,553 

89,725 
803,952 

2,613,885 
186,987 

2,114,201 


$47,056,521 

5,832,125 

25,726,464 

60,119,355 

560,961 

.13,742,306 


Total value 


$153,037,732 




Fig. 28. 
A Ibunch of fat steers. 







Fig. 29. 
Fat Poland China hogs (Great Bend) . 




Fig. 30. 
Cattle on a ranch near Eskridge. 



24 



KANSAS 




Fig. 31. 
A Kansas flouring mill. 



Ill the year 1901 Kansas farmers shipped to the live stock mar- 
kets of Kansas City, St. Joseph, Omaha, St. Louis, and Chicago, 
the principal markets for the state, live stock to the value of 
$100,000,000. 

Most of the live stock (cattle) are kept on western and central 
Kansas ranches (Fig. 30) until three or four years old, and then 
fattened for market on corn raised in central and eastern Kansas. 

The extent and value of the 
agricultural industry is very 
succinctly shown by a table to 
be found in the Appendix. 

As would be expected in a 
state raising so much wheat, nu- 
merous large and well-equipped 
flouring mills (Fig. 31) — al- 
most six hundred of them — are 
to be found scattered over the 
state, especially in the chief 
wheat-producing parts of the state ; and the products of these mills 
are in demand in large Eastern markets. Several mills ship their 
products direct to England. The millers' association of the state 
has been of great service in the securing of an output of an even 
grade of flour, as well as in helping to find markets for the flour. 

Dairying is a widely spread and very important industry. In 
1900 there were within the state 75 creameries and 500 skimming 
stations, with about 50,000 farmers as their patrons. In the same 
year — 1900 — the value of dairy products was about $-4,000,000. 

The climate and soil of eastern and central Kansas are well 
adapted to the raising of fruit. Large orchards and vineyards are 
found in many parts of the state, while small fruits grow in abundance. 
There are now growing in the state twenty million fruit trees, eleven 
million of these being apple trees. Up to the present time, few if 
any attempts have been made to raise fruit in the western fourth of 
Kansas. In some parts of central Kansas there are fine fruit farms, 
from which an abundant crop is made certain, even in a dry year, by 
irrigation (Fig. 32). 



MANUFACTURED ARTICLES 



25 




Fig. 32. 
An irrigated fruit farm. 

Review Questions. — What is the chief business of the people of Kansas? 
Dividing the state from east to west into three equal sections, to what agricultural 
industry is each section best adapted? In which of these three sections do you 
live ? What is the most important agricultural industry of your county ? Com- 
pare the extent and value of the corn crop with the extent and value of the wheat 
crop. What other grains are extensively cultivated? What is the most important 
crop raised in your county ? What is done with this crop? Why are there numer- 
ous flouring mills in Kansas? How near to a large flouring mill do you live? 
Speak of fruit-raising in Kansas. Tell what you can of the live stock industry of 
the state. State the value of live stock shipped to the principal markets in 1901. 
Why is Kansas City, Kansas, an important live-stock market ? 



Manufactured Articles 

Kansas is essentially an agricultural state, yet the manufacturing 
interests are, for a new state, large and varied. In the several 
manufacturing institutions of the state over 35,000 wage-earners are 
employed in nearly 8000 establishments, to whom $20,000,000 is 
annually paid in wages and salaries. 



26 



KANSAS 



The most important manufacturing industries of the state are as 
follows : — 




Fig. 33. 
Largest packing house at Kansas City, Kansas. 



I. Packing Plants. — There are fourteen plants, employing 8117 
workers. The total value of the products of these plants for the 
year 1900 was more than -$77,000,000. Kansas City, Kansas, is, 

with one exception, the largest 
meat-packing city in the world. 
There are in Kansas City sev- 
eral large establishments, one 
of these, the Armour packing 
house (Fig. 33), being the 
largest packing plant in exist- 
ence. This plant has a ground 
acreage of 30 acres, and in its 
buildings there are 90 acres of 
floor space, with a storage ca- 
pacity of 200,000,000 pounds. 

2. The Milling Industry. — 
In the state there are 533 flour- 
ing mills, in which 1451 people 



^H 


Hj 


!■ 


[3 


P 


nr-v . '^'VH 


IM 


^1 





Fig. 3i. 

Scene in Santa Fe car shops : riveting by com- 
pressed air. 



are employed. 

122,000,000. 



MANUFACTURED ARTICLES 27 

The annual products of these mills amount to 




Fig. 35. 
Interior of creamery. 

3. Railroad Car and Shop Works. — There are 37 of these in the 
state, in which nearly 6000 workmen are employed, and the work 
turned out yearly amounts to nearly 87,000,000 in value (Fig. 34). 

4. Zinc Smelting and Refining. — There are in Kansas, all of them 
in the southeastern part of the 

state, 11 of these plants, employ- 
ing nearly 1500 workmen, with 
an annual product valued at 
16,000,000. 

5. Dairy Plants. — Butter, 
Cheese, and Condensed Milk. — 
There are 170 of these, employ- 
ing about 400 people, with an an- 
nual output of products valued 
at more than $4,000,000 (Fig. 35). 

6. Foundries and Machine Shops. — Of these there are 94, em- 
ploying 1250 workmen, and turning out products valued at nearly 
$3,000,000, 




Fig. 36. 
A Kansas woollen mill. 



28 KANSAS 

7. The Salt Industry. — TJiere are 25 or 30 plants, employing 
from 1200 to 1500 hands, turning out yearly 1,500,000 barrels, and 
great quantities of rock salt, with a total yearly value of nearly 
$2,000,000. 

8. Manufacture of Soap and Candles. — Seven such establishments 
employ 175 people, and the value of their products is over $1,000,000. 

In addition to the leading manufactures which have been men- 
tioned, there are many smaller establishments, where are manu- 
factured agricultural implements, brick and tile, ice, cloth, etc. 
(Fig. 36). The canning of fruits and vegetables is carried on rather 
extensively in several different localities. 

The leading manufacturing cities named in order of their number 
of manufacturing establishments are 



Kansas City, Kansas 

Topeka 

Wichita 

Leavenworth 

Hutchinson . 

Lawrence 

Salina . 

Atchison 



with 492 establishments 
with 399 establishments 
with 328 establishments 
with 220 establishments 
with 140 establishments 
with 128 establishments 
with 119 establishments 
with 111 establishments 



No other town in the state has so many as one hundred estab- 
lishments. 

Review Questions. — Why is Kansas essentially an agricultural state? To 
what extent is it a manufacturing state? How many people are employed in the 
manufacturing industry? How much money is paid to them annually in wages 
and salaries? Name the eight most important manufacturing industries. AVhy 
is Kansas City, Kansas, a large meat-packing city? Why is the zinc smelting and 
refining industry in the southeastern part of the state ? Name the leading manu- 
facturing cities of Kansas. Are there any important manufacturing industries 
in your part of the state? Make a table of the leading manufacturing industries 
of Kansas, showing : — 

Number of establishments in each. 

Number of persons employed in each. 

Value of products of each. 

1 All the figures given in the statements concerning manufacturing industries are 
from trustworthy reports for the year 1900, 



MINERAL PRODUCTS 



29 



MiNEKAL Products 

The several forms of mining industry have, within the last few 
years, assumed considerable importance ; and these industries are 
rapidly becoming more numerous and important. The following 
table, compiled from reliable returns for 1900, will show the more 
important mineral products of the state, the value of these products, 
and their relative importance : — 

Value of Mineral Products of Kansas, 1900 

Coal and coke $5,743,750 

Zinc and lead 5,167,682 

Salt 1,716,898 

Natural gas 925,000 

Clay products ........ 830,000 

Cements 669,685 

Building stone . 593,750 

Petroleum products 355,118 

Gypsum 265,000 

Lime and sand 121,000 

Total value of mineral products . . . $16,387,883 

Bituminous Coal is found very generally in the eastern part of the 
state, especially in Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee, Leavenworth, and 
Osage counties. The coal veins of southeastern Kansas are close to 
the surface, hence the coal is easily mined. 



'UiiJlW. 1^ f 








Fig. 37. 
Salt plant at Hutchinson. 



30 



KANSAS 




Fig. 38. 
Evaporating pans, salt plant. 



Zinc and Lead are found in tlie southeastern corner of the state, 
in Crawford and Cherokee counties. 

Salt is found in the central part of the state, in Reno, King- 
man, Rice, and Ellsworth counties. Hutchinson, in Reno county, is 

the centre of the salt industry of 
the state (Fig. 37). A bed of 
salt over ninety-nine per cent 
pure is found some 400 feet below 
the surface. This bed of salt 
is about 300 feet thick. It is 
reached by bored wells through 
which fresh water is introduced 
to dissolve the salt, and is pumped 
up as brine, and led to the evapo- 
rating pans (Fig. 38), where the 
commercial product is formed in beautiful snov.^- white crystals. At 
Kingman, Lyons, and Kanopolis salt is taken in large quantities 
from mines about 1200 feet deep. In Hutchinson alone there are 
eighteen plants in operation, employing about 1000 hands, and pro- 
ducing over 3500 barrels daily, 
the output in 1900 being 1,400,- 
000 barrels. Tlie supply is prac- 
tically unlimited. 

Natural Gas. — The natural 
gas region, as so far developed, 
is in the southeastern part of the 
state — lola, Coffey ville, Cherr}^- 
vale, and Paola being the impor- 
tant centres. 

Olay Products — mainly in the form of vitrified brick and tile — 
are shipped in large quantities from Coffeyville and Cherryvale, and 
a few other points in southeastern Kansas. 

Cement is manufactured at lola and at Salina. 
Building Stone of excellent quality is found at several points in 
the eastern half of the state, some of the best quarries being in Chase, 
Cowley, Riley, and Geary counties. 




Fig. 39. 
Gypsum mill, Medicine Lodge. 



BAILROADS 



31 



Petroleum. — The most important oil field is at Neodesha in 
Wilson County, where several oil wells have been flowing for a 
number of years. 

G-ypsum is found in several localities (Fig. 39), and is used in 
the manufacture of cement and plaster of paris. Kansas stands 
very near the head of the list of states in the output of gypsum 
products. 

Review Questions. — Name the most important mineral products of Kansas. 
What was the total value in 1900 of the minerar products named? Where are the 
most important coal fields of the state ? What is bituminous coal ? Anthracite 
coal? In what part of Kansas are zinc and lead found? Where is the centre of 
the salt industry in Kansas? Much zinc and lead are smelted at Tola: why? 
What minerals are found in your county ? On the map of Kansas find : («) JSTat- 
ural gas centres; (h) the petroleum centre ; (c) building stone quarries. 

Railroads 

The entire state is well supplied with railroads, the eastern half 
being covered by a network of roads. These roads traverse 100 of 
the 105 counties of the state. The five without railroads are in the 




Fig. 40. 
Branding cattle on a Kansas ranch. 



extreme southwestern corner of the state, and are exclusively grazing 
counties (Fig. 40). The railroad mileage of the state, as stated by 
the Board of Railroad Commissioners, is as follows : — 



32 



KANSAS 



Miles of main track 
Miles of side track 



8,717 
1,476 



Total 10,193 

Only three states have a greater railroad mileage than Kansas — 
Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Texas. 

Four great trunk lines — the Union Pacific, the Atchison, 
Topeka, and Santa Fe, the Missouri Pacific, and the Chicago, Rock 
Island, and Pacific — traverse the state from east to west. These 
roads with their branches, along with important north and south 
roads, reach all the principal points in the state, and afford unusual 
facilities for both trade and travel. The most important roads, with 
the mileage of each in Kansas, are, as shown by the report of the 
state auditor for 1900 : — 



Name of Railroad 

Santa Fe .... 

Missouri Pacific 

Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific 
Union Pacific .... 
Missouri, Kansas, and Texas . 
Kansas City, Fort Scott, and Mem 
St. Louis and San Francisco . 
Burlington and Missouri River 
St. Joseph and Grand Island . 



Pl 



Number of Miles of 
Main Track 
iu Kansas 

2,65.3 
2,347 
1,0.51 

944 

398 

271 

264 

260 

138 



Kansas has direct railroad communication with the Gulf of 
Mexico, and many of the agricultural products of the state are now 
sent to foreign markets by way of important gulf ports. 

The following figures show the importance to the state of its 
railroads : — 

Number of trainmen employed 14,007 

Number employed in car works and shops . . . 7,398 

Number employed in offices 2,847 

Total number employed in the state . . . 24,252 

These 24,252 employees receive yearly as wages and salaries, 
112,670,943. 

Review Questions. — Name the railroads that cross the state from east to 
west. From what point on the eastern boundary of the state does each start V 



CITIES OF 'KANSAS 33 

Where does each cross the western boundary line of the state? Through what 
important cities does each pass? Name the important north and south roads. 
Which of these are branches of east and west roads ? Examine the map of Kansas, 
and name the cities which appear to be raih-oad centres. What is the total rail- 
road mileage of Kansas? How does Kansas compare in this respect with other 
states ? Of what advantage to the state are its railroads ? What railroads are in 
your county? In what direction do they run? To what important cities do they 
lead? 

Cities of Kansas 

The cities of Kansas are of three classes. A city of the first class 
must have at least 15,000 inhabitants ; a city of the second class, at 
least 2000 inhabitants; and a city of the third class, at least 250 
inhabitants. The most important cities are in the eastern part of the 
state ; all the cities of the first class, with the exception of Wichita, 
being east of the 96th meridian of west longitude. A table in the 
Appendix givesa list of the chief cities of the state, with the popu- 
lation of each as shown by the national census of 1900, and as 
shown by the assessors' returns for 1901. 

A brief account of each city having a population above five thou- 
sand inhabitants is herewith presented, with the population of each 
as reported for 1901. 

Kansas City, Kansas, the largest city of the state, and rapidly 
growing, is situated at the mouth of the Kansas River. It is exten- 
sively engaged in manufacturing, being the leading manufacturing 
city of Kansas. It is a great railroad centre, and carries on a large 
wholesale trade, especially with points south and west. Kansas City 
was organized in 1886 by uniting several towns. It is one of the 
greatest meat-packing cities in the world, and is engaged in numer- 
ous other manufacturing enterprises. The State School for the Blind 
is located here. Population, 53,625. 

Topeka, the capital of the state, is on both sides of the Kansas 
River (Fig. 41), sixty-six miles from its mouth. It is surrounded 
by a well-settled and fertile country, and is a beautiful and growing 
city (Fig. 42). All parts of the state have easy access to Topeka 
by the Union Pacific, Santa Fe, Rock Island, and Missouri Pacific 
railroads. The state capitol is an imposing building that has cost 



34 



KANSAS 



nearly $2,500,000. The Santa Fe railroad has large car and shop 
works at Topeka, and its main offices are located there. The State 
Reform School and one of the State Asylums for the Insane are 
located at Topeka. Washburn College, one of the leading denomi- 
national schools of Kansas, is also there. Topeka is the second manu- 
facturing city in the state. Population, 38,067. 

Wichita, tlie third city in size, is in the great Arkansas Valley, 
and is the largest city in southern Kansas. It has a large wholesale 
trade with southern Kansas and Oklahoma. Its packing house inter- 
ests are important, and it is extensively engaged in manufacturing. 
Wichita is an important railroad centre, being reached by the Rock 
Island, Santa Fe, Missouri Pacific, and St. Louis and San Francisco 




Fig. 41. 
Concrete bridge across the Kansas River at Topeka. 

railroads. The Friends' University and Fairmount College, two im- 
portant institutions, are at this place. Population, 24,472. 

Leavenworth, on the Missouri River, in the northeastern part of 
the state, is a city having large manufacturing interests, and a whole- 
sale trade of considerable importance. Its leading manufactures 
include bridge works, stove works, foundries, flouring mills, and 
furniture factories. A great deal of coal is mined in the immediate 
vicinity. The state penitentiary is at Lansing, four miles from 
Leavenworth, and a federal prison is near the city. Fort Leaven- 
worth is just north of the city, and a National Soldiers' Home is near 
by. There are several important railroads. Population, 22,392. 

Atchison, also on the Missouri River, a few miles from Leaven- 
worth, has a large wholesale trade, and its manufacturing interests 
are important. One of the largest iron foundries in the state is 



CITIES OF KANSAS 



35 



there. This city is also an important railroad centre. The State 
Soldiers' Orphans' Home is there, as is Midland College, a flourishing 
denominational school. Population, 16,617. 

Pittsburg, in Crawford County, in the southeastern part of the 
state, owes its importance and rapid growth chiefly to its situation 
near important fields of zinc, lead, and coal, and its consequently 
large smelting works. The city has ample railroad facilities, and is 
growing rapidly. Population, 12,676. 

Lawrence, one of the historic cities of the state, is situated on 
both sides of the Kansas River, about forty miles from its mouth. 




Fig. 42. 
Bird's-eye view of Topeka. 



A dam across the Kansas River furnishes water-power, which is 
utilized in the manufacturing of flour and iron products. The 
city is on the main line of the Santa Fe, Union Pacific, and Rock 
Island railroads. The State University is at Lawrence, and the 
Haskell Indian School is just outside the city limits. Population, 
11,358. 

Fort Scott, in Bourbon County, is one of the important cities of 
southeastern Kansas. It is surrounded by some of the richest coal 
fields of the state, and fine quarries of building stone are near the 
city. It is an important railroad centre of southeastern Kansas, and 
has important railroad shops. Population, 10,751. 



36 



KANSAS 




Fig. 43. 
Street scene iu central Kansas : Hutchinson. 

Hutchinson, a beautiful and growing city, is the centre of the salt 
industry of Kansas (Fig. 43). There are in the city eighteen plants 
employing about 1000 hands, shipping about 4000 barrels of salt 
daily. The supply of salt is practically unlimited. There are sev- 
Isal flouring mills in the city. The Santa Fe, Rock Island, and Mis- 
souri Pacitic railroads furnish abundant transportation facilities, and 
there is a large and growing wholesale trade with territory south 

and west. The State Reforma- 
tory adjoins the city limits. 
Population, 10,009. 

Emporia, in Lyons County, 
lies between the Neosho and 
Cottonwood rivers. It is a sub- 
stantially built and well-kept 
city. It is surrounded by a fine 
agricultural country, and is a 
prosperous commercial place. 
The State Normal School (Fig. 
44) is located here, and the Col- 
lege of Emporia, an important 
denominational school, is near the city. Population, 9477. 

Parsons, in Labette County, in the southern part of the state, is 
an important railroad city. It is situated in a good agricultural 




Fig. 44. 
State Normal School, Emporia. 



CITIES OF KANSAS 37 

country, and also has several important manufacturing interests. 
One of the state asylums for the insane is about to be built there. 
Population, 8846. 

Galena, in Cherokee County, in southeastern Kansas, is in the lead 
and zinc region, and important smelting works are situated there. 
Population, 8017. 

Ottawa, in Franklin County, is a beautiful and thriving city. A 
considerable amount of manufacturing is carried on. The nursery 
trade of Franklin County is important, A beautiful grove adjoins 
the city, in which are held every summer largely attended Chau- 
tauqua Assemblies. Ottawa University, an important and well- 
established denominational college, is at this place. Population, 
7447. 

Arkansas City, on the Arkansas River, near the Oklahoma line, is 
beautifully situated on high ground between the Arkansas River 
and the Walnut River, which flows into the Arkansas at this point. 
The city has an extensive trade with smaller surrounding towns in 
southern Kansas and Oklahoma. Population, 7045. 

lola, in Allen County, in the southeastern part of the state, has 
made a remarkable growth since the recent discovery of an abun- 
dance of natural gas, and is still growing rapidly. Very large zinc 
smelting works are operated there, and cement of fine quality is 
manufactured. Quarries of fine building stone have been developed 
near the city. Population, 6787. 

Salina, in Saline County, is located in the wheat belt, and has 
several large flouring mills and grain elevators. Its railroad facilities 
are excellent, and several wholesale houses are situated there. The 
city has a large trade in gypsum products. Two denominational 
colleges and one private normal school and business school are 
situated there. Population, 6657. 

Winfield, the county seat of Cowley County, is one of the thriv- 
ing cities of southern Kansas. There are good stone quarries near 
the city, and building stone is shipped in large quantities. Near the 
city lies a beautiful grove, in which yearly Chautauqua meetings are 
held. The State School for the Feeble-minded is at Winfield, and 
there is also an important denominational college. Population, 6571. 



38 



KANSAS 



Newton, in Harvey County, is an important railroad city, it 
being the point at which one branch of the Santa Fe railroad turns 
southward to points in Texas and on the Gulf of Mexico. Large 
railroad shops are in operation there. A denominational school of 
considerable importance is situated just north of the city. Popula- 
tion, 6525. 

Argentine is an important railroad town on the Santa Fe railroad, 
four miles from Kansas City. Poijulation, 6515. 

Independence, the county seat of Montgomery County, is in a rich 
agricultural country. Vitrified brick and tile are shipped in large 
quantities. Population, 5628, 

Coffeyville, also in Montgomery County, is a growing city, ex- 
tensively engaged in the manufacture of vitrified brick and tile. 
Population, 5259. 

Brief mention should also be made of the following cities, which 
fall a little below 5000 in population : — 

Chanute, a railroad centre in the valley of the Neosho River, in 
Neosho County, in eastern Kansas ; 

Concordia, a railroad centre in the Republican River valley, sur- 
rounded by fine corn and wheat land ; 

Clay Centre, in Clay County, also in the Republican River valley, 
is in a rich wheat and corn countr}^ ; 

McPherson, the county seat of McPherson County; 
Junction City, near the confluence of the Republican and Smoky 

Hill rivers, three miles from 
Fort Riley, an important mili- 
tary reservation ; 

Osawatomie,' in Miami 
County, where one of the State 
Asylums for the Insane is situ- 
ated ; 

Manhattan, where the State 

Agricultural College is located; 

WeUington, the thriving 

county seat of Sumner County, 




Fig. 4.J. 
Wheat stacks, Sumner County. 



the banner wheat county of the state (Fig. 45). 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 39 

Review Questions. — Why are the largest cities of Kansas in the eastern 
part of the state? Name the ten lai-gest cities of Kansas. Find them on the map 
of Kansas. AVhat has caused the growth of each ? Nearest which one of the ten 
do you live ? What railroads reach each of these ? What cities have important 
denominational schools? What is the largest town in your county? What is its 
population? Near what two cities are there important United States military 
reservations ? 

Make a table in which shall appear : (a) names of cities of five thousand or 
more inhabitants ; (h) the name of the county in which each is located ; (c) popu- 
lation of each in 1901 ; ((/) railroads reaching each city. 



APPENDIX 



TABLES OF STATISTICS 



TABLE I. — GROWTH OF STATE IN POPULATION 



1855 8,601 

1860 107,206 

1870 364,399 

1880 .• . 996,096 



1885 1,268,530 

1890 1,427,096 

1900 1,470,495 



TABLE IL — THE COUNTIES OF KANSAS 









Date of 
organi- 
zation 


Area, 1900 


Population, 
1900 


Name of County Seat 


Popula- 
tion of 
County 
Seat 


Counties 


Square 
miles 


Acres 


The State . 








82,144 


52,572,160 


1,470,495 






Allen . . 


1855 


504 


322,560 


19,923 


lola .... 


6,787 


Anderson . 






1855 


576 


368,640 


13,988 


Garnett . . . 


2,078 


Atchison . 






1855 


423 


270,720 


30,369 


Atchison . . . 


16,617 


Barber . . 






1873 


1,134 


725,760 


6,430 


Medicine Lodge 


917 


Barton . . 






1872 


900 


576,000 


13,179 


Great Bend . . 


2,470 


Bourbon . 






1855 


637 


407,680 


25,078 


Fort Scott . . 


10,751 


Brown . . 






1855 


576 


368,640 


21,498 


Hiawatha . . 


2,829 


Butler . . 






1855 


1,428 


913,920 


22,800 


El Dorado . . . 


3,466 


Chase . . 






1859 


750 


480,000 


7,598 


Cottonwood Falls 


842 


Chautauqua 






1875 


651 


416,640 


11,458 


Sedan .... 


1,067 


Cherokee . 






1866 


589 


376,960 


42,154 


Columbus . . 


2,310 


Cheyenne . 






1886 


1,020 


652,800 


2,676 


St. Francis . . 


3-50 


Clark . . 






1885 


975 


624,000 


1,544 


Ashland . . . 


493 


Clay. . . 






1866 


660 


422,400 


16,525 


Clay Centre . . 


3,069 


Cloud . . 






1866 


720 


460,800 


17,779 


Concordia . . 


3,401 



41 



42 



KANSAS 



TABLE II. —THE COUNTIES OF KANSAS (Continued) 









Date of 
organi- 
zation 


Alt- 


I, lyuo 


Population, 
1900 






Popula- 
tion of 


Counties 


Square 
miles 


Acres 


Name of County Seat 


County 
Seat' 


Coffey .... 


1859 


648 


414,720 


16,2.53 


Burlington . . 


2,418 


Comanche . 






1885 


795 


508,800 


1,633 


Coldwater . 




263 


Cowley . . 






1870 


1,112 


711,680 


31,-371 


Winiield . . 




6,571 


Crawford . 






1867 


592 


378,880 


40,2-59 


Girard 




2,473 


DecatLir 






1880 


900 


576,000 


8,640 


Oberlin . . 




937 


Dickinson . 






1857 


851 


544,640 


22,253 


Abilene . 




3,-507 


Doniphan . 






1855 


379 


242,-560 


1-5,1-55 


Troy . . 




i 947 


Douglas 






1855 


469 


300,160 


25,3.36 


Lawrence 




11,-3-58 


Edwards . 






1874 


612 


391,680 


3,462 


Kinsley . 




780 


Elk . . 






1875 


651 


416,640 


10,884 


Howard . 




1,207 


Ellis . . . 






1867 


900 


576,000 


8,-543 


Hays City 




1,136 


Ellsworth . 






1807 


720 


460,800 


9,540 


Ellsworth 




1,-549 


Finney . . 






1884 


1,296 


829,440 


3,214 


Garden City 




1,-590 


Ford . . 






1873 


1,080 


691,200 


5,849 


Dodge City 




1,942 


Franklin . 






1857 


576 


368,640 


21,420 


Ottawa . 




7,447 


Geary . . 






1855 


407 


260,480 


10,799 


Junction City . 


4,695 


Gove . . 






1886 


1,080 


691,200 


2,563 


Gove City . . 


162 


Graham 






1880 


900 


576,000 


4,804 


Hill City . 




468 


Grant . 






1888 


570 


368,640 


399 


Ulysses . 




40 


Gray . . 






1887 


864 


552,960 


1,152 


Cimarron 




237 


Greeley 






1888 


780 


499,200 


462 


Tribune . 




62 


Greenwood 






1862 


1,155 


739,200 


15,713 


Eureka . 




2,091 


Hamilton 






1886 


972 


622,080 


1,-524 


Syracuse . 




460 


Harper . 






1873 


810 


518,400 


10,124 


Anthony . 




1,179 


Harvey . 






1872 


540 


345,600 


17,-5-59 


Newton . 




6,525 


Haskell 






1887 


576 


368,640 


457 


Santa F^ . 




128 


Hodgeman 






1879 


804 


552,960 


2,019 


Jetmore . 




230 


Jackson 






1857 


658 


421,120 


18,0-55 


Hoi ton . 




3,082 


Jefferson 






1855 


568 


363,520 


16,987 


Oskaloosa 




978 


Jewell . 






1870 


900 


576,000 


18,973 


Mankato . 




890 


Johnson 






1855 


480 


307,200 


16,890 


Olathe 




3,451 


Kearny . 






1888 


864 


552,960 


1,027 


Lakin . . 




259 


Kingman 






1873 


864 


552,960 


10,723 


Kingman 




1,785 


Kiowa . 






1886 


720 


460,800 


2,127 


Greensburg 




343 


Labette . 






1867 


649 


415,-360 


27,208 


Oswego . 




2,208 



APPENDIX 



43 



TABLE 11.- 


-THE COUNTIES OF KANSAS {Continued) 






Date of 


Area, 1900 


Population, 
1900 




Popula- 
tion of 
County 
Seat 


COUNTIBS 


organi- 
zation 


Square 
miles 


Acres 


Name of County Seat 


Lane .... 


1886 


720 


460,800 


1,602 


Dighton . . . 


194 


Leavenworth 




1855 


455 


291,200 


36,041 


Leavenworth . 


22,392 


Lincoln 




1870 


720 


460,800 


9,425 


Lincoln . . . 


1,262 


Linn . . 




1855 


637 


407,680 


16,023 


Mound City . . 


809 


Logan . . 




1888 


1,080 


691,200 


1,850 


Russell Springs . 


41 


Lyon . . 




1858 


858 


549,120 


25,345 


Emporia . . . 


9,477 


Marion . . 




1865 


954 


610,560 


20,893 


Marion Centre . 


1,824 


Marshall . 




1855 


900 


576,000 


24,005 


Marysville . . 


2,006 


McPherson 




1870 


900 


576,000 


21,240 


McPherson . . 


2,996 


Meade . . 




1885 


975 


624,000 


1,521 


Meade City . . 


326 


Miami . . 




1855 


588 


376,320 


20,886 


Paola .... 


3,144 


Mitchell . 




1870 


720 


460,800 


14,220 


Beloit .... 


2,359 


Montgomery 




1869 


648 


414,720 


28,917 


Independence . 


5,628 


Morris . . 




1858 


700 


448,000 


11,640 


Council Grove . 


2,265 


Morton . . 




1886 


729 


466,560 


254 


Richfield . . . 


61 


Nemaha 




1855 


720 


460,800 


20,362 


Seneca . . . 


1,846 


Neosho . . 




1864 


576 


368,640 


20,115 


Erie .... 


1,111 


Ness . . . 




1880 


1,080 


691,200 


4,361 


Ness City . . 


505 


Norton . . 




1872 


900 


576,000 


10,727 


Norton . . . 


1,202 


Osage . . 




1859 


720 


460,800 


23,722 


Lyndon . . . 


1,004 


Osborne 




1871 


900 


576,000 


11,719 


Osborne City . 


1,075 


Ottawa . . 




1866 


720 


460,800 


10,861 


Minneapolis . . 


1,727 


Pawnee 




1872 


756 


483,840 


4,761 


Earned . . . 


1,583 


Phillips . . 




1872 


900 


576,000 


13,621 


Phillipsburg . . 


1,008 


Pottawatomie 


1856 


848 


542,720 


17,568 


Westmoreland . 


620 


Pratt .... 


1879 


720 


460,800 


6,753 


Pratt City . . 


1,213 


Rawlins 




1881 


1,080 


691,200 


5,077 


Atwood . . . 


486 


Reno . . 




1872 


1,260 


806,400 


27,392 


Hutchinson . . 


10,009 


Republic . 




1868 


720 


460,800 


18,376 


Belleville . . . 


1,833 


Rice . . . 




1871 


720 


460,800 


14,195 


Lyons .... 


1,736 


Riley . . 




1855 


617 


394,880 


12,907 


Manhattan . . 


3,438 


Rooks . . 




1872 


900 


576,000 


7,641 


Stockton . . . 


1,030 


Rush . . 




1874 


720 


460,800 


6,006 


La Crosse . . 


536 


Russell . . 




1872 


900 


576,000 


7,827 


Russell Centre . 


1,143 


Saline . . 




1859 


720 


460,800 


17,503 


Salina .... 


6,657 



44 



KANSAS 



TABLE II. — THE COUNTIES OF KANSAS {Continued) 







Area, 1900 






Popula- 




organi- 
zation 






Population, 
1900 


Name of Countj' Seat 




Counties 


Square 
miles 


Acres 


County, 
Seat 


Scott .... 


188(3 


720 


460,800 


1,092 


Scott City . . 


212 


Sedgwick 






1870 


1,008 


645,120 


42,717 


Wichita . . . 


24,472 


Seward . 






1886 


648 


414,720 


804 


Liberal . . . 


426 


Shawnee 






1855 


558 


357,120 


55,372 


Topeka . . . 


38,067 


Sheridan 






1880 


900 


576,000 


3,593 


Hoxie .... 


250 


Sherman 






1886 


1,080 


691,200 


3,307 


Goodland . . 


1,059 


Smith . 






1872 


900 


576,000 


15,982 


Smith Centre . 


1,142 


Stafford 






1879 


792 


506,880 


9,101 


St. John , . . 


• 869 


Stanton 






1887 


672 


430,080 


289 


Johnson ... . 


15 


Stevens 






1886 


729 


466,560 


531 


Hugoton . . . 


54 


Sumner 






1871 


1,188 


760,320 


25,312 


Wellington . . 


4,245 


Thomas 






1885 


1,080 


691,200 


3,945 


Colby .... 


641 


Trego . 






1879 


900 


576,000 


2,556 


Wa Keeney . . 


394 


Wabaunsee 






1859 


804 


514,560 


12,299 


Alma .... 


966 


"Wallace 






1888 


900 


576,000 


1,195 


Sharon Springs . 


180 


Washingtoi 


1 




1860 


900 


576,000 


20,845 


Washington . . 


1,575 


Wichita 






1886 


720 


460,800 


1,215 


Leoti .... 


151 


Wilson . . 






1865 


576 


368,640 


15,216 


Fredonia . . . 


1,650 


Woodson . 






1855 


504 


322,560 


9,857 


Yates Centre . 


1,634 


Wyandotte 




1859 


153 


97,920 


67,748 


Kansas City . . 


53,625 



TABLE IIL— LARGEST CITIES 



< 


Name of Citt 


Population, 
1901 


Population, 
1900 




Name of City 


Population, 
1901 


Population, 
1900 


1 


Kansas City . 


53,625 


51,418 


14 


Arkansas City 


7,045 


6,140 


2 


Topeka . . 


38,067 


33,608 


15 


lola. . . . 


6,787 


5,791' 


3 


AVichita . . 


24,472 


24,671 


16 


Salina . . . 


6,657 


6,074 


4 


Leavenworth. 


22,392 


20,735 


17 


Winfield . . 


6,571 


5,554 


5 


Atchison . . 


16,617 


15,722 


18 


Newton . . 


6,525 


6,208 


6 


Pittsburg . . 


12,676 


10,112 


19 


Argentine . . 


6,515 


5,878 


7 


Lawrence . . 


11,358 


10,862 


20 


Independence 


5,628 


4,851 


8 


Fort Scott . . 


10,751 


10,322 


21 


Coffeyville 


5,259 


4,953 


9 


Hutchinson . 


10,009 


9,379 


22 


Chanute . . 


4,953 


4,208 


10 


Emporia . . 


9,477 


8,223 


23 


Junction City 


4,889 


4,695 


11 


Parsons . . 


8,846 


7,682 


24 


Wellington . 


4,406 


4,245 


12 


Galena . . . 


8,017 


10,155 


25 


Osawatomie . 




4,191 


13 


Ottawa . . . 


7,447 


6,934 


26 


Concordia . . 


4,008 


3.770 



APPENDIX 



45 



TABLE IV. — SCHOOL STATISTICS (1900) 



Number of school districts . 8,927 

Number of schoolliouses . . 9,256 

School population .... 508,854 
Number of pupils enrolled in 

schools 389,582 

Number of teachers employed, 11,297 
Average length of school year 

in weeks 26 



Amount paid to teachers . $3,173,062 
Total amount expended for 

schools $4,622,364 

Average salary paid to 

teachers, men .... $42.05 

Average salary paid to 

teachers, women . . . $35.20 

Value of school property . $10,417,392 



EDUCATIONAL FUNDS 
Invested in bonds, for public schools and state institutions : 

Permanent school fund $7, 851, .339. 74 

Permanent university fund 151,218.03 

214,476.23 



Permanent normal school fund 



Permanent agricultural college fund 



485,646.89 



Total $8,702,680. 

TABLE v.— AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS 

AGKICULTUEE — VALUES FOR 20 YEARS 



Winter wheat $410,463,644 



Spring wheat . 
Corn .... 
Oats .... 
Rye ... . 
Barley . . . 
Buckwheat . . 
Irish potatoes . 
Sweet potatoes 
Castor beans . 
Cotton . . . 
Plax .... 
Hemp . . . 
Tobacco . . . 
Broom corn 



12,624,-549 

797,184,613 

139,574,255 

22,551,149 

6,981,066 

427,-591 

67,255,294 

5,554,946 

3,672,738 

375,375 

25,494,182 

160,986 

563,107 

19,155,513 



Millet and Hungarian . . 

Sorghum 

Milo maize 

KafSr corn 

Jerusalem corn .... 
Timothy, clover, blue grass 
Alfalfa, orchard grass . . 
Other tame grasses . . . 

Prairie grass, under fence 
Live stock products . . . 
Horticultural products . . 
Pearl millet and rice corn 



66,333,011 

46,821,725 
703,054 

27,017,-508 
731,219 



YIELDS IN BUSHELS FOR 20 YEARS 
Wheat Corn 

Totals . . . 712,487,5.58 3,022,489,260 
Yearly averages 35,624,378 151,124,463 



62,369,541 

140,935,928 

869,394,374 

40,736,168 

1, .384,040 

Grand total .- . . . .-$2,768,467,666 
Annual average . . . 138,423,383 

YIELDS IN BUSHELS 

Wheat Corn 

1899 .... 43,687,013 225,183,432 

1900 .... 77,339,091 134,523,677 



VALUE OF FAPvM PRODUCTS 

1899 $169,747,0.37.51 

1900 187,796,406.91 



46 



KANSAS 



Horses . . 
Mules and asses 
Milch cows 
Other cattle 
Sheep . . 
Swine . . 



LIVE STOCK, 1899 

Numbers Values 

796,866 .$32,0-18,342 

87,838 4,208,208 

684,182 22,390,078 

2,201,886 60,605,136 

232,039 677,972 

2,340,992 13,127,356 



Total $133,057,092 



Horses . . . . 
Mules and asses 
Milch cows , 
Other cattle , 
Sheep . . . 
Swine . . . 



LIVE STOCK, 1900 

Numbers Values 
. . 786,888 $39,344,400 

89,064 5,343,840 

712,582 23,515,206 

2,443,043 60,933,000 

200,301 600,903 



2,286,734 13,720,404 
Total $143,457,753 



VALUE OF FARM PRODUCTS AND LIVE STOCK 

1899 $302,804,129.51 

1900 331,254,159.00 



TABLE VI. — MISCELLANEOUS 

CHURCHES, 1900 

Number of church organizations 

Membership 

Value of church property 



6,000 
325,000 

$8,000,000 



NEWSPAPERS, 1900 



Daily 51 

Weekly 634 

Semi-weekly 4 

Monthly 116 

Total 



Semi-monthly 
Bi-monthly 
Quarterly . . 
Occasional 



BANKS, MAY 31, 1901 

National banks 114 

State and private banks 407 

Deposits in national banks $30,868,922 

Deposits in state and private banks 37,612,965 

Total deposits in all banks $68,481,887 

Deposits per capita $46.57 



14 

2 
11 

5 

837 



VALUE OF CAPITOL BUILDING AND STATE INSTITUTIONS 

Buildings and grounds $8,276,208 

Other property connected therewith 749,234 

Total $9,025,442 

STATE DEBT 

The Kansas State debt is 3|..'7'7^^.| $667,000 

It is all owned and held in the ^eaffiijgfltOducational funds of the state. 



APPENDIX 47 

TOPICAL REVIEW 

1. Position, size, and boundaries of Kansas. 

2. Its elevation above sea level. 

3. Drainage of the state. 

4. Principal rivers and their tributaries. 

5. Climate : temperature, ■winds, moisture. 

6. Brief outline of the history of the state. 

7. Growth of the state in population. 

8. The government of the state. 

9. The educational system. 

10. Philanthropic and charitable institutions. 

11. Extent and value of corn crop. 

12. Wheat-raising in Kansas. 

13. Fruit-raising in Kansas. 

14. The live stock industry. 

15. Manufacturing industries. 

16. Mineral products of the state. 

17. The railroads of Kansas. 

18. The six largest counties. 

19. Leading cities of the state. 

20. Draw an outline map of Kansas, showing important rivers, railroads, and 



cities. 



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